What term describes the process of breaking into a cryptographic system?

Cryptanalysis refers to the process of breaking into or analyzing cryptographic systems and deciphering encrypted data without prior knowledge of the key used for encryption. This is typically done to uncover hidden information or to assess the strength and security of a cryptographic algorithm. Cryptanalysts often use mathematical techniques, algorithms, and logical reasoning to exploit weaknesses in encryption methods.

In contrast, encryption is the method of converting plain text into ciphertext to protect the confidentiality of the information. Hashing refers to the process of generating a fixed-size output (hash) from input data, which is often used for validating data integrity and not for breaking into systems. Encoding is about transforming data into a different format for efficient transmission or storage, rather than for securing or compromising it.

Thus, cryptanalysis is the correct term that specifically describes the activity focused on breaking cryptographic systems.